Evaluation of the mechanical properties of bricks made with glass and plastic waste. Analysis of carbon dioxide emissions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21501/21454086.3725Keywords:
Glass waste, Plastic waste, bricks, Carbon footprint, Emission of gases, Mechanical properties, Building materials, Compressive strength, Sustainable construction, Recycling.Abstract
The use of non-biodegradable waste such as glass and plastic in the construction industry has received significant attention for a cleaner environment. This work presents a study of bricks’; mechanical properties containing aggregates, glass, and polyethylene terephthalate pellets. The bricks were melted at a temperature up to 240 ° C for 3 hours and cooled by natural convection. The results showed that an increase in the content of glass and aggregates generates an increase in density, being higher in the samples with a higher aggregates content. The same trend was observed in compressive strength. The sample with the highest aggregates’; content showed an improvement of 243% compared to the reference (prepared
only with plastic). The results indicated that carbon dioxide emissions decreased by around 30% in the prepared samples, compared to traditional bricks. The use of plastic and glass waste in brick production is expected to become a recovery route.
Downloads
References
J. Hong, G. Q. Shen, Y. Feng, W. S. T. Lau, and C. Mao, “Greenhouse gas emissions during the construction phase of a building: A case study in China”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 103, pp. 249–259, 2015. http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/36019/1/Hong_Jingke_2015.pdf
A. Al-Fakih, B. S. Mohammed, M. S. Liew, and E. Nikbakht, “Incorporation of waste materials in the manufacture of masonry bricks: An update review”, Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 21, pp. 37–54, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.023
L. Zhang, “Production of bricks from waste materials - A review”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 47, pp. 643–655, 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.043
A. L. Murmu and A. Patel, “Towards sustainable bricks production: An overview”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 165, pp. 112–125, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.038
M. Sutcu, E. Erdogmus, O. Gencel, A. Gholampour, E. Atan, and T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Recycling of bottom ash and fly ash wastes in eco-friendly clay brick production”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 233, pp. 753–764, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.017
S. Elavarasan, A. K. Priya, and V. K. Kumar, “Manufacturing fired clay brick using fly ash and M À Sand”, Materials Today Proceedings, 2020, doi: ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.042
Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, T. Chen, Y. Zhao, and S. Bao, “Preparation of eco-friendly construction bricks from hematite tailings,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2107–2111, April 2011.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.025
P. Indhiradevi, P. Manikandan, K. Rajkumar, and S. Logeswaran, “A comparative study on usage of cowdung ash and wood ash as partial replacement in flyash brick”, Materials Today Proceedings, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.355
M. Sutcu, H. Alptekin, E. Erdogmus, Y. Er, and O. Gencel, “Characteristics of fired clay bricks with waste marble powder addition as building materials”, Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 82, pp. 1–8, 2015, doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2015.02.055
O. Gencel, “Characteristics of fired clay bricks with pumice additive”, Energy and Buildings, vol. 102, pp. 217–224, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.05.031
A. Seco, J. Omer, S. Marcelino, S. Espuelas, and E. Prieto, “Sustainable unfired bricks manufacturing from construction and demolition wastes”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 167, pp. 154–165, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.026
S. Neves, C. Maurício, and F. Vieira, “On the production of fired clay bricks from waste materials: A critical update”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 68, pp. 599–610, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.006
P. Guo, W. Meng, H. Nassif, H. Gou, and Y. Bao, “New perspectives on recycling waste glass in manufacturing concrete for sustainable civil infrastructure”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 257, p. 119579, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119579
I. Almeshal, B. A. Tayeh, R. Alyousef, H. Alabduljabbar, and A. M. Mohamed, “Eco-friendly concrete containing recycled plastic as partial replacement for sand”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 4631–4643, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.090
J. O. Akinyele, U. T. Igba, and B. G. Adigun, “Effect of waste PET on the structural properties of burnt bricks”, Scientific African, vol. 7, p. e00301, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00301
J. Roberts. “How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6”. https://www.brick.org.uk/admin/resources/d-eurocode-6-masonry-introduction.pdf (accesed Aug. 20, 2020).
Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación, NTC 4205. Unidades de mampostería de arcilla cocida. Ladrillos y bloques cerámicos, Ciudad, Colombia: editor, 2000.
J. O. Akinyele, U. T. Igba, T. O. Ayorinde, and P. O. Jimoh, “Structural efficiency of burnt clay bricks containing waste crushed glass and polypropylene granules”, Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 13, p. e00404, December 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00404
A. Kumi-Larbi, D. Yunana, P. Kamsouloum, M. Webster, D. C. Wilson, and C. Cheeseman, “Recycling waste plastics in developing countries: Use of low-density polyethylene water sachets to form plastic bonded sand blocks”, Waste Management, vol. 80, pp. 112–118, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.003
G. Syngros, C. A. Balaras, and D. G. Koubogiannis, “Embodied CO2 Emissions in Building Construction Materials of Hellenic Dwellings”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 38, pp. 500–508, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.113
M. Dabaieh, J. Heinonen, D. El-Mahdy, and D. M. Hassan, “A comparative study of life cycle carbon emissions and embodied energy between sun-dried bricks and fired clay bricks”, Journal Cleaner Production, vol. 275, pp. 114, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122998
W. Song, J. Yi, H. Wu, X. He, Q. Song, and J. Yin, “Effect of carbon fiber on mechanical properties and dimensional stability of concrete incorporated with granulated-blast furnace slag”, Journal Cleaner Production, vol. 238, pp. 1-11, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117819
E. Crossin, “The greenhouse gas implications of using ground granulated blast furnace slag as a cement substitute”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 95, pp. 101–108, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.082
D. J. Flower and J. G. Sanjayan, “Green house gas emissions due to concrete manufacture”, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 12, pp. 282–288, 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2007.05.327
P. Van den Heede, E. Gruyaert, N. Robeyst, and N. De Belie, “Life Cycle Assessment of a Column Supported Isostatic Beam in High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete (Hvfa Concrete),” presented at the 2nd Int. Symp. Serv. Life Des. Infrastruct., Delft, The Netherlands, Oct. 4-6, 2010, pp. 437–444, https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1266046
U. Javed, R. A. Khushnood, S. A. Memon, F. E. Jalal, and M. S. Zafar, “Sustainable incorporation of lime-bentonite clay composite for production of ecofriendly bricks”, Journal Cleaner Production, vol. 263, p. 121469, August 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121469
D. A. Ramos Huarachi, G. Gonçalves, A. C. de Francisco, M. H. G. Canteri, and C. M. Piekarski, “Life cycle assessment of traditional and alternative bricks: A review,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 80, 2019, p. 106335, April 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106335
N. G. Kulkarni and A. B. Rao, “Carbon footprint of solid clay bricks fired in clamps of India”, Journal Cleaner Production, vol. 135, pp. 1396–1406, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.152
J. Hong, G. Q. Shen, Y. Feng, W. S. T. Lau, and C. Mao, “Greenhouse gas emissions during the construction phase of a building: A case study in China,” Journal Cleaner Production, vol. 103, pp. 249–259, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.023
A. Ukwatta, A. Mohajerani, S. Setunge, and N. Eshtiaghi, “A study of gas emissions during the firing process from bricks incorporating biosolids”, Waste Managment, vol. 74, pp. 413–426, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.006
UPME, “Factores de emisión del sistema interconectado nacional Colombia 2015”, upme 2015. http://www1.upme.gov.co/siame/Documents/Calculo-FE-del-SIN/Documento_calculo_del_FE_SIN_2015_dic_2016.pdf (consultado en Ago., 25, 2020).
J. P. Valencia Villegas, A. M. González Mesa, and O. F. Arbelaez Perez, “Evaluación de las propiedades mecánicas de concretos modificados con microesferas de vidrio y residuos de llantas”, Lámpsakos, no. 22, pp. 16–26, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.21501/21454086.3283
N. Tamanna, R. Tuladhar, and N. Sivakugan, “Performance of recycled waste glass sand as partial replacement of sand in concrete”, Construction Building Materials, vol. 239, p. 117804, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117804
U. Rajarathnam, V. Athalye, S. Ragavan, S. Maithel, D. Lalchandani, S. Kumar, E. Baum, C. Weyant, and T. Bond, “Assessment of air pollutant emissions from brick kilns”, Atmospheric Environment, vol. 98, pp. 549–553, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.075
S. Iftikhar, K. Rashid, E. Ul Haq, I. Zafar, F. K. Alqahtani, and M. Iqbal Khan, “Synthesis and characterization of sustainable geopolymer green clay bricks: An alternative to burnt clay brick”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 259, p. 119659, October 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119659
L. F. Cabeza, C. Barreneche, L. Miró, J. M. Morera, E. Bartolí, and A. Inés Fernández, “Low carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 23, pp. 536–542, April 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.017
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
In accordance with national and international copyrights, as well as publishing policies of "Fundación Universitaria Luis Amigó" and its Journal "Lámpsakos" (indexed with ISSN : 2145-4086), I (we ) hereby manifest:1. The desire to participate as writers and submit to the rules established by the magazine publishers.
2. The commitment not to withdraw the manuscript until the journal finishes the editing process of the ongoing issue.
3. That article is original and unpublished and has not been nominated or submitted together in another magazine; therefore, the rights of the article in evaluation have not been assigned in advance and they do not weigh any lien or limitation for use.
4. The absence of conflict of interest with commercial institution or association of any kind
5. The incorporation of the quotes and references from other authors, tending to avoid plagiarism. Accordingly, the author affirms that the paper being published do not violate copyright, intellectual property or privacy rights of third parties. Morover, if necessary there is a way of demonstrating the respective permits original copyright to the aspects or elements taken from other documents such as texts of more than 500 words, tables, graphs, among others. In the event of any claim or action by a third party regarding copyright on the article, the author (s) will assume full responsibility and come out in defense of the rights herein assigned. Therefore, for all purposes, the Journal "Lámpsakos" of the "Fundación Universitaria Luis Amigó" acts as a third party in good faith.
6. In the event of the publication of the article, the authors free of charge and on an exclusive basis the integrity of the economic rights and the right to print, reprint and reproduction in any form and medium, without any limitation as to territory is concerned, in favor of the Journal "Lámpsakos" of the "Fundación Universitaria Luis Amigó".
