The reduction of risks and damages vs. The international drug control regime (1990-2017)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21501/24631779.2962Keywords:
Damage reduction, International drug control regime, Drug control, Drug policiesAbstract
Despite the obvious effectiveness of certain Drug Risk and Damage Reduction (DRR) programs, the International Drug Control Regime (IDCR) has historically discouraged its implementation; defenders of the more rigid face of the IDCR have referred to the DRR as the Trojan horse of the factions that defend legalization. However, a large number of States have made use of the interpretative flexibility margin of international drug conventions to implement in their national policies RRD strategies, some promoted even by United Nations bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and UNAIDS. Based on a review of the literature, this document assesses the main tensions that have occurred within the RICD because of the DRR perspective between 1990 and 2017.Downloads
References
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. (1990). S-17/2, Declaración Política y el Programa Mundial de Acción sobre la cooperación internacional contra la producción, la oferta, la demanda, el tráfico y la distribución ilícitos de estupefacientes y sustancias sicotrópicas.
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. (1994). A/RES/48/L. 12, Medidas para fortalecer la cooperación internacional contra la producción, la venta, la demanda, el tráfico y la distribución ilícitos de estupefacientes y sustancias sicotrópicas y actividades conexas.
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. (1998a). A/S-20/2. Declaración Política.
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. (1998b). A/S-20/PV.8. Vigésimo período extraordinario de sesiones, 8a sesión plenaria, miércoles 10 de junio de 1998.
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. (2016a). A/RES/70/266 Declaración Política sobre el VIH y el SIDA: en la vía rápida para acelerar la lucha contra el VIH y poner fin a la epidemia del SIDA para 2030.
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. (2016b). S-30/1 Nuestro compromiso conjunto de abordar y contrarrestar eficazmente el problema mundial de las drogas. Nueva York. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/postungass2016/outcome/V1603304-S.pdf
Calzada, J. (06 de marzo de 2014). “Uruguay está perfectamente enmarcado en el espíritu de las convenciones”. Presiendencia. Recuperado de https://presidencia.gub.uy/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/clazada-jife
Collins, S. E., Clifasefi, S. L., Logan, D. E., Samples, L. S., Somers, J. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2012). Current Status, Historical Highlights, and Basic Principles of Harm Reduction. In A. Marlatt, M. E. Larimer & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.). Harm Reduction: Pragmatic Strategies for Managing High-Risk Behaviors (pp. 3-35). New York: Guilford Publications.
Comisión de Estupefacientes de Naciones Unidas. (1995). E/CN.7/1995/14 Follow-up to the results of high-level plenary meetings at the forty-eighth session of the general assembly to examine the status of international cooperation against the illicit production, sale, demand, traffic and distribution of narcoti.
Comisión de Estupefacientes de Naciones Unidas. (2003). RES. 46/2, Strengthening strategies regarding the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the context of drug abuse.
Comisión de Estupefacientes de Naciones Unidas. (2009). E/2009/28 Informe sobre el 52o período de sesiones (14 de marzo de 2008 y 11 a 20 de marzo de 2009).
Comisión de Estupefacientes de Naciones Unidas. (2014). E/2014/28 Informe sobre el 57o período de sesiones (13 de diciembre de 2013 y 13 a 21 de marzo de 2014).
Consejo Económico y Social de Naciones Unidas. (1994). E/1994/30, Informe sobre el 37° periodo de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes, Suplemento 10.
Consorcio Internacional sobre Políticas de Drogas (IDPC). (2009). La comisión de estupefacientes 2009 y el segmento de alto nivel – informe de la sesión.
Consorcio Internacional sobre Políticas de Drogas (IDPC). (2014). The 2014 Commission on Narcotic Drugs and its HighLevel Segment: Report of proceedings.
Del Cerro Esteban, J. A. (2002). Programas para la reducción de riesgos y daños derivados de las drogodependencias. Aspectos jurídicos. EGUZKILORE, (16), 7-21. Recuperado de https://www.ehu.eus/documents/1736829/2174324/Eguzkilore+16(4)%20CERRO.pdf
Escohotado, A. (1998). Historia General de las Drogas. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Jelsma, M. (2003). Drugs in the UN system: The unwritten history of the 1998 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 14(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(03)00006-9
Jelsma, M. (2005). The UN and harm reduction – Revisited. An unauthorised report on the outcomes of the 48th CND session, Drug policy briefing Nr. 13.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (1993). E/INCB/1993/1 Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes correspondiente a 1993.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (1994a). E/INCB/1994/1/Supp.1 Eficacia de los tratados de fiscalización Internacional de Drogas: Suplemento del Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes correspondiente a 1994.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (1994b). E/INCB/1994/1 Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes correspondiente a 1994.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (2000). E/INCB/2000/1 Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes correspondiente a 2000.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (2002). E/INCB/2002/W.13/SS.5 Flexibility of treaty provisions as regards harm reduction approaches (documento restringido).
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (2003). E/INCB/2003/1 Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes correspondiente a 2003.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (2008a). E/INCB/2008/1 Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes correspondiente a 2008.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (2008b). Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes sobre el seguimiento del vigésimo período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (2017). E/INCB/2017/1 Informe de la Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes correspondiente a 2017.
Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes - JIFE. (2018). About. Retrieved September 28, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.incb.org/incb/en/about.html
Kerr, T., & Tupper, K. (2017). Drug Checking: As A Harm Reduction Intervention, Evidence Review Report. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use. Retrieved from http://www.bccsu.ca/wp-
content/uploads/2017/12/Drug-Checking-Evidence-Review-Report.pdf
Kimber, J., Palmateer, N., Hutchinson, S., Hickman, M., Goldberg, D., & Rhodes, T. (2010). Harm reduction among injecting drug users- evidence of effectiveness. In T. Rhodes & D. Hedrich (Eds.), Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges (pp. 115-163). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. doi: 10.2810/29497
Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2015). No smoke, no fire: What the initial literature suggests regarding vapourized cannabis and respiratory risk. Cancer Journal of Respiratory Therapy, 51(1), 7-9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4456813/
Newbury-Birch, D., Coulton, S., Bland, M., Cassidy, P., Dale, V., Deluca, P., … Drummond, C. (2014). Alcohol screening and brief interventions for offenders in the probation setting (SIPS trial): A pragmatic multicentre cluster randomized controlled trial. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(5), 540-548. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agu046
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito - UNODC. (2004). Carta del director de UNODC al subsecretario de estado para narcóticos de EE. UU.
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito - UNODC. (2018). Introducción. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/mexicoandcentralamerica/es/romex/introduccion.html
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito - UNODC, International Network of People Who Use Drugs, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDs, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, Organización Mundial para la Salud - WHO, & United States Agency for International Development. (2017). Implementing comprehensive HIV and HCV programmes with people who inject drugs: practical guidance for collaborative interventions. Vienna.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas. (1961). Convención Única de 1961 sobre Estupefacientes.
Organización Mundial para la Salud - WHO, Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito - UNODC, & Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/sida - UNAIDS. (2004). Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention: position paper.
Organización Mundial para la Salud - WHO, Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito - UNODC, & Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/sida - UNAIDS. (2009). Technical Guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users.
Organización Mundial para la Salud - WHO, Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/sida - UNAIDS, & Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito - UNODC. (2004). WHO/HIV/2004.05 Policy brief: Reduction of HIV transmission in prisons.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para la Fiscalización Internacional de Drogas. (1994). Informe del encuentro sostenido por el grupo consultivo intergubernamental ad hoc para la resolución 3 de la Comisión de Estupefacientes (XXXVII).
Royal College of Physicians. (2016). Nicotine without smoke; tobacco harm reduction - A report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3222
Sánchez Avilés, C. (2014). El régimen internacional de control de drogas: formación, evolución e interacción con las políticas nacionales: El caso de la política de drogas en España. (Tesis doctoral). Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Recuperado de http://www.pensamientopenal.com.ar/system/files/2015/08/doctrina41783.pdf
Secretaría General de las Naciones Unidas. (2004). ST/SGB/2004/6 Boletín del Secretario General.
Sinha, J. (2001). The History and Development of the Leading International, Drug Control Conventions Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs, Parliamentary Research Branch. Retrieved from https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/371/ille/library/history-e.htm
Strang, J. (1993). Drug use and harm reduction: responding to the challenge. In N. Heather, A. Wodark, E. Nadelamnn, & P. O´HARE (Eds.), Psychoactive Drugs and harm Reduction: From Faith to Science. London: Whurr Publishers.
Sumnall, H. R., Bates, G., & Jones, L. (2017). Evidence review summary: drug demand reduction, treatment and harm reduction. Retrieved from https://idhdp.com/media/531888/europeanresponsesguide2017_backgroundpaper-evidence-review-drug-interventions.pdf
Thoumi, F. E. (2015). Debates y paradigmas de las políticas de drogas en el mundo y los desafíos para Colombia. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Económicas. Recuperado de http://franciscothoumi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/DILEMAS-y-paradigmas-de-las-politicas-de-drogas-en-el-mundo-y-los-desfios-para-colombia.pdf
Transnational Institute. (2005). Las Naciones Unidas y la Reducción del Daño. Retrieved from https://www.tni.org/es/art%C3%ADculo/las-naciones-unidas-y-la-reduccion-del-dano
Transnational Institute, International Drug Policy Consortium, & Global Drug Policy Observatory. (2017). Un avance lento pero gradual: los cambios en el lenguaje de la ONU con respecto a las drogas desde 1990.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The authors are morally and legally responsible for the content of their articles, as well as respect for copyright. Therefore, these do not compromise in any way the Luis Amigó University Foundation.
The reproduction of the articles will be governed as described in http://creativecommons.org/
PUBLICATIONS POLICY
• The author must send the statement of assignment of economic rights and the declaration of conflicts of interest in favor of the journal. Said document will be provided by the Editor and indicates the originality of the article, which is not published and which is not simultaneously postulated in another medium.
• The address of the journal Drugs and Addictive Behavior will confirm to the author, in a maximum of three (3) days, the reception of the received contribution, if its sending is done through the electronic mail; or immediately, if it is entered through the OJS (Open Journal Systems). The reception of articles does not imply an obligation to publish them.
• The journal Drugs and Addictive Behavior will submit the articles received for initial evaluation by the Editorial Committee; In case the Committee finds the material relevant, it will be evaluated by anonymous arbitrators, who will determine if it is publishable.
• Once the evaluation of the article has begun, the authors agree not to remove it in any part of the process.
• Printed items will not be received. All the proponents will have to send their writings through the e-mail of the magazine or the OJS.
• Partial versions of the text will not be received, that is, those that the author considers to modify and that are not structurally adjusted to a type of article.
• Once the article is sent, it is understood that the author authorizes the publication of their contact information and institutional affiliation.
• The authors are directly responsible for the ideas, judgments and opinions expressed in the articles; in such a way that the content does not compromise the thinking of the Editorial Committee or the Institution.
ETHICS OF PUBLICATION
• The Editorial Committee, by virtue of transparency in the processes, will ensure the academic quality of the journal.
• Causes of rejection are considered: plagiarism and self-plagiarism, adulteration, invention or falsification of content and author data, and that the article is not original and unpublished.
• The editor will verify the relevance of the article, in accordance with the policies of the journal and supported by Turnitin's Originality Check, software that detects errors in the handling of appointments, possible copies and plagiarism. If it considers it viable, it will send the article to the arbitrators; otherwise it will report the findings to the author and discard it. The articles must have a minimum originality level of 75%.
• In no case, the journal's management will require the author to cite it or publish articles with conflicts of interest.
• If once the article is published: 1) the publisher discovers plagiarism, adulteration, invention or falsification of data of the content and the author or substantive errors that attempt against the quality or scientificity, may request its removal or correction. 2) A third party detects the error, it is the obligation of the author to retract immediately and proceed to the public removal or correction.
• The opinions contained in the articles are attributable exclusively to the authors; therefore, the Institution is not responsible for what they may generate.
